![]() They do not always correspond to the commonly used meaning of the terms. ![]() Optimism and pessimism can be seen as umbrella terms used in relation to many current constructs. Keywords: Optimism pessimism hope models Introduction Optimism focuses more broadly on the expected quality of future outcomes in general. ), who views his construct of hope more actively and specifically in comparison to optimism. Our model corresponds to Snyder’s concept ( We consider model three as the best suited both statistically and for interpretation. The third model used two second order correlated factors - optimism and hope. The second model implemented a second order factor of general optimism. The first model was first order factor analysis model with correlated factors represented by individual measures. ![]() We created three models and evaluated them using confirmatory factor analysis. Following measures were used: the Defensive Pessimism Questionnaire (DPQ), the Life Orientation Test (LOT-R), Adult Dispositional Hope Scale (ADHS) and Unrealistic Optimism Scale. 13-19808S) were to design a model of optimism/pessimism using the dimensions of dispositional optimism, defensive pessimism, unrealistic optimism and hope, and to determine the degree of conceptual overlap between optimism and hope. The aims of the research (supported by GACR, no. Compare Lake Wobegon effect, overconfidence effect.Current approaches to optimism accentuate its many different aspects: dispositional optimism ( See also depressive realism, hypomanic episode. Weinstein asked students to estimate the relative likelihoods of various events happening to them, compared to the likelihoods of the same events happening to their peers, and his results showed that they rated their chances of experiencing positive events, such as owning your own home, receiving a good job offer before graduation, and living past 80, to be significantly above the average for students of the same sex at the same university, and their chances of experiencing negative events, such as having a heart attack before age 40, being sued by someone, and being the victim of a mugging, to be significantly below average. ![]() It was first reported in 1925 by the US psychologist F(rederick) H(ansen) Lund (1894–1965) and in 1938 by the US psychologist (Albert) Hadley Cantril (1906–69), and it came to prominence in 1980 when it was studied rigorously and named by the US psychologist Neil D(avid) Weinstein (born 1945) in an article in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. A judgemental bias that tends to affect people's subjective estimates of the likelihood of future events in their lives, causing them to overestimate the likelihood of positive or desirable events and to underestimate the likelihood of negative or undesirable events. ![]()
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